XXX Международный конгресс ИИСАА. 19–21 июня 2019 г. Т. 1

Источниковедение и историография Арабских стран к 150-летию академика В. В. Бартольда (1869–1930). Ч. 1 115 the Clermont council who at the end of 1099 became the Patriarch of Jerusalem) in the development of the idea of the Crusade and its launching by Pope Urban II in 1095, was much more prominent than it is used to be thought 1 . Nevertheless, despite all importance of the Mediterranean dimension of the Crusades, their actual battleground was the Middle East. Consequently, the area stretched from Asia Minor to Egypt always attracted the bulk of attention of the scholars when the Crusades were concerned. Indeed, to understand the unfolding of the events of the First Crusade and the establishment of the Crusading states, the situation in the Middle East has to be considered in detail. Nevertheless, despite a great number of the Crusading studies, they continue to be concentrated almost exclusively on the Crusaders themselves, with a limited attention being paid to the actors that the Crusaders had to interact with during their venture in the East. However, the events of the First Crusade should also be checked against the politics in the Middle East as a whole, not only on the local — Syrian — level. At the end of the XI C. the situation in the Middle East was shaped by two major processes: fighting between the Seljuks, the partisans of the Sunni Islam, and the Egyptian Fatimids, the followers of the extreme Shi‘ite Isma‘ilis; and disintegration of the Great Seljuq Empire. The Middle Eastern politics of the late XI C. was dominated by an interplay between the Isma‘ili Egyptian Fatimids and the Sunni Seljuqs. In the second half of the XI C. the Muslim World became split into two rival caliphates — the Seljuq Empire that took over both the heartland of theAbbasid Caliphate and the banner of the orthodox Sunni Islam against the Shi‘ite powers that had emerged in the X C. In the 1040s the Seljuqs gradually conquered — or, rather “liberated”, as it had been interpreted by them, — Iran; and in 1055 they wrestled Baghdad from the Shi‘ite Buyids. Since then, their main enemy became the Fatimid anti-Caliphate in Cairo. They fought the Fatimids and their allies in Syria which was eventually taken by the Seljuqs in the 1070s 2 . However, the major anti-Isma‘ili campaign against the Fatimids in Cairo started by Sultan Alp-Arslan, was inadvertently diverted by the Byzantines to Manzikert in 1071 3 , and due to the following death of the Sultan 1 For more details see: Alexander Matveev. Italian Trading Cities Struggle for the Hegemony in the International Sea Trading in the Mediterranean and the Crusades: Rethinking the Problem // IX International Conference on Graeco-Oriental andAfrican Studies. Neapoli of Laconia, Greece, 2002. (Abstracts); А. С. Матвеев. Христиано‑мусульманские отношения в Средиземноморье от начала арабских завоеваний до конца эпохи Крестовых походов (сер. VII —нач. XIV вв.): военно-политический и экономический аспекты // «Тахиййат»: Сборник статей в честь Н. Н. Дьякова. Арабистика — Исламоведение — Этнография. СПб.: ВФ СПбГУ, 2013. C. 241–297. 2 See: Matveev A. Palestine in the last third of the XI C.: Between the Fatimids and the Crusaders // Вестник СПбГУ. Сер. 13. 2010. Вып. 4. С. 70–79. 3 See, e.g.: Ibn al-ʿAdīm. Bughyat al- ṭ alab fī ta ʾ rīkh Ḥ alab : Al-Tarājim al-khā ṣṣ a bi-ta ʾ rīkh al-Salājiqa . Ed. Ali Sevim. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1976. P. 27.