Локальное наследие и глобальная перспектива. 24-29 апреля 2014 г. - page 66

64
Yakup Akkus (Atatürk University, Turkey),
Kadir Yıldırım (Istanbul University, Turkey)
Local Violence versus the State’s Silence:
Tax Resistance, Local Power and “Reluctant Flexibility
of Ottomans” in 19
th
Century Middle East
This study investigates the sociopolitical-fiscal causes and consequences of
tax resistance in the Ottoman Middle East (OME) from the perspective of the
new institutionalism, political-fiscal sociology and urban public finance theories.
Furthermore, on a theoretical level, this study offers a new historiographic reading
of the nation-state formation based on the social structure, violence and local power
in Arab, and North African countries. The main conclusions of the study are based
on Ottoman archival documents.
The increasing local reaction against the taxation and conscription policies
of the Tanzimat in OME turned into violence, especially in Aleppo (1850),
Mosul (1854), Nablus (1856) and Damascus (1860). To prevent the violence and
decentralized implementations, a centralism-based provincial system was created
in 1864. However, centralist policies gave way once again to decentralized-leaning,
and ‘reluctant and uncontrolled flexible policies’ due to the multi-cultural/ethnic
population, the effectiveness of the
a‘yân
and inefficient provincial bureaucracy
in OME.
There was a clear-direct relationship between the tax rebellions —as a prominent
dynamic of violence, social structure/institutions, urbanization process, local power
and state-formation in OME. For instance, the time for tax collection also meant the
time for rebellion for Diwaniye Tribe (Baghdad) and the inhabitants of Püşder and
Sinjar (Mosul). In the late 19th century, the budget deficits almost reached 40% per
year in Aleppo due to the Armenian rebellions and the tribes. During this period,
taxes were collected by soldiers through primitive methods in Tripoli, Benghazi,
Syria, Baghdad and Mosul. In 1907–1908, the domestic animal tax and personal
Секция III.
Источниковедение
и историография Турции
Historiography of Turkey
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