Доклады Международного конгресса ИИСАА. Т. 1

494 Proceedings of the International Congress on Historiography and Source Studies of Asia and Africa.Vol. I. 2020 Sergei S. Tavastsherna (FAAS, SPbU, St Petersburg, Russia) Syntactic construction with ‑bhāva in the Pāli language Summary : The syntax of Sanskrit, both Old Indo-Arian (OIA) and Classical, has some constraints on the usage of indirect speech. The direct construction is usually marked by the quotative particle iti ‘thus’at its end: āgami ṣ yāmi-ity avādī ḥ ‘You have said that you will come’ (lit. ‘I will come — thus you have said’). Instead of comple- ment clauses, clauses of purpose or clauses of reason or some others, Sanskrit also uses the direct speech construction with the particle iti: vaideśiko ’smi-iti pṛcchāmi ‘I ask [about this] because I am a foreigner’ (lit. ‘I am a foreigner — thus I ask’). Pāli, as a Middle Indo-Arian (MIA) and the closestt to OIA in terms of time as well as grammar, shares many common features with OIA in its syntax. It also uses the quotative particle ti in the above mentioned contexts. However, Pāli has an alternative model for the complement clause — not by means of the direct construction. It uses the lexical unit ‑ bhāva (‘being’, ‘becoming’) to transform direct speech into a specific direct object, where the subject of the direct construction is put into Genitive, and ‑bhāva forms a compound word with a predicate (verbal or nominal), used in theAccusative. For example, the phrase ‘the king knows that he is a wise man’ may be realized in Pāli in two ways: (1) with the particle ti : so paṇḍito ti rājā jānāti (lit. ‘he is a wise man— the king knows’); (2) with ‑bhāva : rājā assa paṇḍita - bhāvaṃ jānāti (lit. ‘the king knows his being-wise’). This construction is very frequently used in prosaic portions of Jatakas (more than 500 usages) and in commentaries by Buddhaghosa (5 C. E.), but is not attested in the canonical text of Tipiṭaka. In Sanskrit this usage is not traced either. Obviously, this syntactic model is a later invention that may indicate the influence of some substratum. Interesting material is found in Modern Indonesian. It is well known that at least from the 1 st centuryADBuddhism and Hinduismbegan to spread over South Asia from South India and Sri Lanka, and even now there are a lot of loan words from Pāli and Sanskrit in Modern Indonesian. This language uses the particle bahwa to form complement clauses: Saya percaya bahwa itu benar ‘ I believe that this is true’ . This bahwa is said to be a borrowing from Sanskrit ( bhāva ), but again we cannot trace any usage of this word as a conjunction in Sanskrit. Most likely, it was the Pāli construction with ‑bhāva that had an impact on the syntactic usage of bahwa in Indonesian. Keywords: Middle Indo-Arian (MIA) languages; Pāli syntax; quotative particle in Old Indo-Arian (OIA); quotative particle in Pāli; construction with ‑bhāva in Pāli; bahwa particle in Indonesian.