XXXI Международный конгресс ИИСАА. 23–25 июня 2021 г. Т. 1

194 XXXI Международный Конгресс по источниковедению и историографии стран Азии и Африки Секция VI Russian female slaves mostly worked in the khan's palace. Even some Russian captives rose to the rank of chef of the khan's palace kitchen, and thus achieved the status of being the closest person to the khan. In particular, during the reign of Allakulikhon (1825–1842), Russian captives such as Anna Vasilevna Kostina 1 and Akulina Grigorevna Stepanova 2 were employed as cooks in the palace kitchen and warehouse managers. According to some sources, there is every reason to conclude that the treatment of concubine women in the harem of the Khiva khan was also good. In particular, it was G. who said that Allakulikhan had a very good attitude towards the above- mentioned Russian captives. According to Stepanova herself, Russian slaves such as Fyodor Grushin and Tikhon Ryazanov mentioned in their memoirs that Anna Vasilevna Kostina was treated well not only by the khan but also by court officials. According to Vamberi, Khan Sayyid Muhammad Khan (1856–1864) was extremely kind to haremmaids. The only condition was that they should not commit any sinful act or behavior 3 . In general, the subject we want to cover here is the role of female slaves or maids in the Khiva khanate in terms of slavery. If we draw a general conclusion about the role of female slaves or maids in the issue of slavery in the Khiva khan- ate, the khanate determined the price and the area in which the captives were to be used, depending on their age or appearance. At the same time, being an Islamic state the Khiva khanate treated the female slaves based on the religious principles in the society. Vasileva N. (Trakya University, Turkey) Crosswords Conflicts: Eastern Rumelia and Afghanistan in the context of the British-Russian rivalry 1878–1885 The 19 th century was marked by the increasing British and Russian rivalry in the two decisive geopolitical points which possession would determine dominance in the world politics. During the last decades of the eighteenth century and the first 1 Dal V. I. The Story of the Astrakhan Tradesman Tikhon Ivanov Ryazanov who came out of the captivity in Khiva (in Russian) // Utrennaya Zarya (in Russian): Almanac for 1839 / Ed. V. Vladislavlev. Saint Petersburg, 1839. P. 74–92; Dal V. I. The Story of the Khiva prisoner Fedor Fedorov Grushin // Literary additions to the “Russian invalid” (In Russian). Saint Petersburg, 1838. No. 5. 20 Jan. p. 81–86 2 Bukharin N. K. Essays on the Linear Life of the Orenburg Cossacks. “Khivinka”. (Notes of the military foreman of the Orenburg Cossack army N. K. Bukharin). (In Rusian). Orenburg: Typo-lithograph by B. Breslin, 1892. P. 42 3 Vambery A. Journey through Central Asia. (In Russian). M.: Vostochnaya literature (Eastern literature), 2003. (pdf.). P. 65.